Subject: Scientific associations play a pivotal role in national science and technology (S&T) systems by generating knowledge, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and linking academia, industry, and government, thereby advancing scientific progress. Examining the experience of countries with mature S&T systems offers valuable insights for rethinking policies governing such associations.
Purpose: This comparative study analyzes governance mechanisms of scientific associations in Australia and New Zealand to identify effective models that can inform policy and performance improvement in Iran.
Method: Employing a qualitative approach, the study applies a three-tier analytical framework encompassing policy, structure and governance, and operational processes. Data were collected through content analysis of policy and organizational documents from both countries and interpreted via comparative analysis.
Findings: The success of associations in both contexts rests on institutional autonomy, diversified funding, transparency and accountability, and dynamic stakeholder engagement. Australia’s legal framework features a two-tier (national–state) structure that ensures coherence and oversight, whereas New Zealand’s system is characterized by greater legal flexibility and broader voluntary participation. Synthesizing these strengths—Australia’s strategic centralization and New Zealand’s operational flexibility—offers a robust model for reforming Iran’s scientific association governance.
Results: Developing a context-sensitive governance model for Iran’s scientific associations requires an intelligent blend of national policy coherence and local/professional autonomy. This “centralized–flexible” model can balance system-wide accountability with domain-specific adaptability.